Metabolic biomarkers for predicting responsiveness to fgf-18 compound

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to biomarkers associated with the clinical response to an FGF-18 compound before or during treatment of a cartilage disorder. The present invention more particularly relates to specific proteins present in the blood, serum, synovial fluid or in the urine, which can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of cartilage disorders. The invention further discloses specific proteins that are related to cartilage response to an FGF-18 compound treatment as well as diagnostic tools and kits based on their expression profile. Thus, the invention can be used in predicting the response to an FGF-18 compound treatment, before starting the treatment with FGF-18 or during the treatment. It could be used for selecting/identifying subjects to be treated by intra-articular administration of an FGF-18 compound. The use of these biomarkers in diagnostics could result in increased benefit and reduced risk in subjects.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 16/650,881, filed Mar. 26, 2020, which is a U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2018/076395, filed Sep. 28, 2018, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 17194220.4, filed Sep. 29, 2017, and European Patent Application No. 18169324.3, filed Apr. 25, 2018, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing with five sequences, which has been submitted electronically through USPTO Patent Center in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Sep. 7, 2022, is named 33280-53558.xml and is 8,192 bytes in size.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates, generally, to pharmacogenetics, more specifically to biomarkers associated with the clinical response to an FGF-18 compound before or during treatment of a cartilage disorder. The present invention more particularly relates to specific proteins present in the blood, serum, synovial fluid or in the urine, which can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of cartilage disorders.

The invention further discloses specific proteins that are related to cartilage response to an FGF-18 compound treatment as well as diagnostic tools and kits based on their quantities or expression profile. Thus, the invention can be used in predicting the response to an FGF-18 compound treatment, before starting the treatment with FGF-18 or during the treatment. It could be used for selecting/identifying subjects to be treated by intra-articular administration of an FGF-18 compound. The use of these biomarkers in diagnostics could result in increased benefit and reduced risk in subjects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cartilage disorders broadly refer to diseases characterized by degeneration of metabolic abnormalities in the connective tissues which are manifested by pain, stiffness and limitation of motion of the affected body parts. These disorders can be due to pathology or can be the result of trauma or injury. Among others, cartilage disorders include osteoarthritis (OA), cartilage injury (inclusive sports injuries of cartilage and joint, and surgical injuries such as microfracture(s)). Mature cartilage has limited ability to repair itself, notably because mature chondrocytes have little potential for proliferation and due to the absence of blood vessels. In addition, cartilage is not well nutrified and has a low oxygen pressure. Replacement of damaged cartilage, in particular articular cartilage, caused either by injury or disease is a major challenge for physicians, and available surgical treatment procedures are considered not completely predictable and effective for only a limited time. Therefore, the majority of younger subjects either does not seek treatment or are counselled to postpone treatment for as long as possible. When treatment is required, the standard procedure is age dependent and varies between total joint replacement, transplantation of pieces of cartilage or marrow stimulating technique (such as microfracture). Microfracture is a common procedure that involves penetration of the subchondral bone to stimulate cartilage deposition by bone marrow derived stem cells. However, it has been shown that this technique does not repair sufficiently the chondral defect and the new cartilage formed is mainly fibrocartilage, resulting in inadequate or altered function and biomechanics. Indeed, fibrocartilage does not have the same durability and may not adhere correctly to the surrounding hyaline cartilage. For this reason, the newly synthesized fibrocartilage may breakdown more easily (expected time frame: 5-10 years).

For subjects with osteoarthritis, non-surgical treatment consists notably of physical therapy, lifestyle modification (e.g. increasing physical activity), supportive devices, oral and injected drugs (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), walking aids and medical symptom management. Once these treatments fail, surgery, such as joint replacement, is the main option for the subjects. Tibial or femoral osteotomies (cutting the bone to rebalance joint wear) may reduce symptoms, help to maintain an active lifestyle, and delay the need for total joint replacement. Total joint replacement can provide relief for the symptom of advanced osteoarthritis, but generally requires a change in a subject’s lifestyle and/or activity level.

At that time, drug treatments on the market are mainly directed to pain relief. There is not yet commercially available treatment that restores or postpones the cartilage damages (see Lotz, 2010). Fibroblast Growth factor 18 (FGF-18) is a member of the FGF family of proteins, closely related to FGF-8 and FGF-17. It has been shown that FGF-18 is a proliferative agent for chondrocytes and osteoblasts (Ellsworth et al., 2002; Shimoaka et al., 2002; Gigout et al., 2017). FGF-18 has been proposed for the treatment of cartilage disorder such as osteoarthritis and cartilage injury either alone (WO2008/023063) or in combination with hyaluronic acid (WO2004/032849).

Sprifermin, which is a truncated form of human FGF-18, is being investigated in clinical trials for treatment of both osteoarthritis and cartilage injury (for more details see for instance NCT01033994, NCT00911469 and NCT01066871). The current dosing regimen for sprifermin is once weekly for 3 weeks (one treatment cycle), the drug being administered via intraarticular injections. This treatment cycle can be repeated. This dosing regimen has been described in WO2008/023063.

At that time, OA and cartilage injury treatments with FGF-18, during clinical trials, are provided to subjects without predictive information on the response (Lohmander et al., 2014; Dahlberg et al., 2016), i.e. without knowledge on whether the treatment will likely be highly effective, moderately effective or show only little or no effect. Currently, numerous treated subject population exhibit an intermediate/high response to treatment according to cartilage thickness, as measured by MRI technique and the WOMAC scores with sprifermin after at least one treatment cycle, however, some others either do not respond to said treatment (i.e. no or limited increase in cartilage thickness measured by MRI) or respond while presenting higher WOMAC score compared to control.

WO2014/023703 describes genetic markers (combination of SNPs IL-1RN rs9005 and IL-1RN rs315952) that are associated with the quality of the clinical response to treatment of cartilage disorder such as OA, cartilage injury or microfracture(s) with FGF-18. Such markers are useful for identifying, through genetic screening prior to the treatment, subgroups of subjects that are more likely to exhibit a particular response to treatment with FGF-18, such as a very good clinical response to treatment with FGF-18 or on the contrary those for whom the therapy may fail.

Knowledge on the type of clinical response of a subject to treatment can be used to optimize therapy or select therapy, such as selecting treatment with FGF-18 as a first line therapy or adapting the dosing regimen. Such information will be clinically useful for the medical management of cartilage disorder, such as of OA and/or cartilage injury, in subjects. For example, if an individual with OA or cartilage injury is known to be at increased risk for not responding to the FGF-18 treatment, the physician may exclude said subject from the FGF-18 treatment and spare the patient an invain and not risk-free treatment. In addition, such predictive information may also be clinically useful to guide decisions on the dosing regimen.

There is a need to identify further biomarkers helping in optimizing therapy or in selecting a therapy, in order to provide a full range of solution for the subject to be treated or for the doctor looking for the best therapy for his patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As described herein, metabolic biomarkers, such as proC2 or CTX-II, can be used either alone or in combination in the detection, diagnosis and/or treatment of patients with osteoarthritis or cartilage disorders. The expression levels (or quantity) of at least one of these biomarkers (or combinations thereof) can be used, for instance, to detect patients to be included or at the contrary excluded from specific therapy,

The present invention is directed to a method of predicting the sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound in a subject having a cartilage disorder, the method comprising the steps of:

-   a) Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II, and/or     ProC2; -   b) Predicting from the result of step a) high, intermediate, low or     no sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound.

According to said method, the presence of higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (>240-260% of normal mean) and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 (>120-280% of normal mean) is predictive of no response or low response (i.e. low-sensitivity or non-sensitivity) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. On the contrary, the presence of lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 is predictive of intermediate (intermediate-sensitivity) or high response (high-sensitivity) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound.

Also described herein is a method for selecting a subject having a cartilage disorder for inclusion in or exclusion from treatment, or clinical trial, with an FGF-18 compound, based on the likelihood of their sensitivity to said treatment, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or     ProC2; wherein the quantity of at least one of these proteins is     predictive about the subject’s risk for being sensitive or     not-sensitive to said treatment, and -   b. Selecting the sensitive subjects as being suitable for said     treatment.

According to said method, the subject presenting higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 will be excluded (i.e. they will not be selected) from the treatment with FGF-18 compound. To the contrary, the subject presenting lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 from the treatment with FGF-18 compound will be included (i.e. they will be selected) for the treatment with FGF-18 compound.

Also described is a method for treating a subject having a cartilage disorder with an FGF-18 compound, comprising the following steps:

-   a. Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or     ProC2, wherein said quantities are predictive about the subject’s     risk for being high or intermediate sensitive to a treatment with     said FGF-18 compound, -   b. Selecting the subject having lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of     CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 and, -   c. Administering intraarticularly said FGF-18 compound to said     selected subject.

In particular embodiments of the present invention as a whole, i.e. in any of the methods or uses mentioned herein, the FGF-18 compound to be used as a treatment is sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety and the subject has a cartilage disorder selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage (e.g. Microfracture).

It is to be understood that in any of the methods or uses mentioned herein, before determining the quantity of at least one of the proteins, it is needed to obtain a sample (or a test sample) of said subject, via for instance blood, serum, synovial fluid or urine collecting. Further, it is also to be understood that any of the methods or uses mentioned herein are performed in vitro, and not on the animal or human body.

DEFINITIONS

-   The term “FGF-18 compound” or “FGF-18”, as used herein, is intended     to be a protein maintaining at least one biological activity of the     human FGF-18 protein. FGF-18 may be native, in its mature form, or a     truncated form thereof. Biological activities of the human FGF-18     protein include notably the increase in osteoblastic activity (see     WO98/16644) or in cartilage formation (see WO2008/023063). Native,     or wild-type, human FGF-18 is a protein mostly produced during     skeletal development and is involved in bone and cartilage formation     (See Haque et al., 2007).. Human FGF-18 was first designated zFGF-5     and is fully described in WO98/16644. SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to the     amino acid sequence of the native human FGF-18, with a signal     peptide consisting of amino acid residues 1(Met) to 27(Ala). The     mature form of human FGF-18 corresponds to the amino acid sequence     from residue 28(Glu) to residue 207(Ala) of SEQ ID NO: 1 (180 amino     acids).

The FGF-18 compound, in the present invention, may be produced by recombinant methods, such as taught by the application WO2006/063362. Depending on the expression systems and conditions, FGF-18 in the present invention is expressed in a recombinant host cell with a starting Methionine (Met) residue or with a signal sequence for secretion. When expressed in prokaryotic host, such as in E. coli, FGF-18 contains an additional Met residue in N-terminal of its sequence. For instance, the amino acid sequence of human FGF-18, when expressed in E.coli, starts with a Met residue in N-term (position 1) followed by residues 28 (Glu) to residue 207 (Ala) of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The term “FGF-18 compound” also includes variants or mutants of the native, mature form, or truncated forms of FGF-18, as well as fusion proteins comprising a (biologically) active FGF-18 moiety coupled to a heterologous protein or a chemical compound (such as those disclosed in EP17192467.3 patent family). In such fusion proteins, the FGF-18 moiety can be the native, mature form, or truncated forms of the FGF-18 protein or variants or mutants thereof.

-   The term “truncated form” of FGF-18, as used herein, refers to a     protein which comprises or consists of residues 28(Glu) to 196(Lys)     of SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferably, the truncated form of FGF-18 protein is     the polypeptide designated “trFGF-18” (170 amino acids), which     starts with a Met residue (in N-terminal) followed by amino acid     residues 28 (Glu) -196 (Lys) of the wild-type human FGF-18. The     amino acid sequence of trFGF-18 is shown in SEQ ID NO:2 (amino acid     residues 2 to 170 of SEQ ID NO:2 correspond to amino acid residues     28 to 196 of SEQ ID NO:1). trFGF-18 is a recombinant truncated form     of human FGF-18, produced in E.coli (see WO2006/063362). The     International Non-proprietary Name (INN) for this particular form of     FGF-18 is sprifermin. Sprifermin has been shown to display similar     activities as the mature human FGF-18, e.g. it increases chondrocyte     proliferation and cartilage deposition leading to repair and     reconstruction for a variety of cartilaginous tissues (see     WO2008/023063). -   The term “marker” or “biomarker” are used interchangeably. In the     context of the present invention they are proteins. A “prognostic     biomarker” is informative about the subject condition, including and     not limited to disease evolution, disease severity or disease     outcome, regardless of any therapy. A “predictive biomarker” is     informative about the effect of a received therapy, including, but     not limited to efficacy and safety outcome. The prognostic and     predictive definitions are not mutually exclusive thus a biomarker     can be both prognostic and predictive. The quantity of biomarker or     the expression level of biomarker is herein expressed as nMol, µMol,     mMol, ng, µg, mg or g of a given protein. Said quantity or level can     be expressed as absolute value (e.g. 10 ng or 2 µg) or as     concentration (e.g. 10 ng/mL,2 µg/mL, 10 ng/mmol or 2 µg/mmol). -   The term “metabolic biomarker” refers to biomarkers such as, but not     limited to, CTX-II, ProC2, PIIANP, C2M, ARGS, AGNx1. More     specifically the term “metabolic biomarker” refers to biomarkers of     cartilage metabolism, i.e. collagen and aggrecan turnover such     degradation and/or synthesis of cartilage matrix components.     Different collagen and aggrecan markers have been described (Karsdal     et al., 2016) -   The term “CTX-II” or “CTXII” refers to C-terminal telopeptide of     type II collagen. It is biomarker of collagen type II degradation     being part of osteoarthritis (see for instance Duclos et al., 2010) -   The term proC2 refers to an neo-epitope of Collagen type II     generated during synthesis of Collagen type II, with sequence QDVRQP     (SEQ ID NO: 5) recognised as epitope in proC2 assay: ProC2 is a     marker of cartilage formation (type II collagen formation) assay.     ProC2 is associated with capacity for repair and may be valuable     tool for the identifying patients with cartilage-driven disease.     ProC2 has been tested the biomarker in clinical samples preclinical     studies (see e.g. Gudmann et al., 2016; Munk et al., 2016; Gudmann     et al., 2014). -   The term PIIANP refers to a propeptide of Collagen type II: Type IIA     procollagen contains an N-terminal 69 amino acid, cysteine-rich     globular domain that is encoded by exon 2 of the Collagen type II     gene. Type IIA procollagen has been found to be synthesized by     osteoarthritic chondrocytes in diseased cartilage and may serve as a     specific arthritis biomarker that reflects an attempt by the     chondrocytes to repair diseased cartilage (Valdes et al,., 2014). -   The term C2M refers to a serological type II collagen degradation     neoepitope linked to cartilage degradation. C2M is an interhelical     fragment for type II collagen generated by MMP. The biomarker has     been described to be associated with drug response, pain measures     and radiographic severity. (Valdes et al,. 2014) -   The term ARGS refers to a neoepitope generated during Aggrecan     degradation. The assay detects Aggrecan degradation products in     serum and synovial fluid. ARGS levels are linked to progression in     cartilage disorders (Struglics et al., 2011; Struglics et al., 2015) -   The term AGNx1 relates to an assay that detects another neoepitope     generated during Aggrecan degradation. -   In relation to the biomarkers, the term “quantity” or “expression     level” can be used interchangeably. -   the term “SD” means standard deviation and is linked to the usual     deviations of any validation assays/systems. -   “Cartilage disorder”, as used herein, encompasses disorders     resulting from damages due to injury, such as traumatic injury,     chondropathy or arthritis. Examples of cartilage disorders that may     be treated by the administration of the FGF-18 formulation described     herein include but are not restricted to arthritis, such as     osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint     cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage     (e.g. Microfracture). Degenerative diseases/disorders of the     cartilage or of the joint, such as chondrocalcinosis,     polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, ankylosing spondylitis or     costochondritis are also encompassed by this wording. The     International Cartilage Repair Society has proposed an arthroscopic     grading system to assess the severity of the cartilage defect: grade     0: (normal) healthy cartilage, grade 1: the cartilage has a soft     spot or blisters, grade 2: minor tears visible in the cartilage,     grade 3: lesions have deep crevices (more than 50% of cartilage     layer) and grade 4: the cartilage tear exposes the underlying     (subchondral) bone (see for instance page 13 of cartilage.org/     files/contentmanagement/ICRS evaluation.pdf). -   The term “Osteoarthritis” is used to intend the most common form of     arthritis. The term “osteoarthritis” encompasses both primary     osteoarthritis and secondary osteoarthritis (see for instance The     Merck Manual, 17^(th) edition, page 449). The most common way of     classifying/grading osteoarthritis is the use of the     Kellgren-Lawrence radiographic grading scale (see table below).     Osteoarthritis may be caused by the breakdown of cartilage. Bits of     cartilage may break off and cause pain and swelling in the joint     between bones. Over time, the cartilage may wear away entirely, and     the bones will rub together. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint but     usually concerns hands and weight-bearing joints such as hips,     knees, feet, and spine. In a preferred example, the osteoarthritis     may be knee osteoarthritis or hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is     one of the preferred cartilage disorders that can be treated by     administering the FGF-18 compounds according to the present     invention.

Kellgren-Lawrence Radiographic Grading Scale of Osteoarthritis is described as follow:

Grade of Osteoarthritis Description 0-None No radiographic findings of osteoarthritis 1-Doubtful Doubtful narrowing of joint space and possible osteophytic lipping 2-Minimal Definite osteophytes, definite narrowing of joint space 3-Moderate Moderate multiple osteophytes, definite narrowing of joints space, some sclerosis and possible deformity of bone contour 4-Severe Large osteophytes, marked narrowing of joint space, severe sclerosis and definite deformity of bone contour

Grades 1 and 2 can be considered as less severe forms of the disease, whereas grades 3 and 4 can be considered as more severe forms of the disease.

-   The term “cartilage injury” as used herein is a cartilage disorder     or cartilage damage resulting notably from a trauma. Cartilage     injuries can occur notably after traumatic mechanical destruction,     notably further to an accident or surgery (for instance     microfracture surgery). This term “cartilage injury” also includes     chondral or osteochondral fracture, damage to meniscus, and the term     microfracture. Also considered within this definition is     sport-related injury or sportrelated wear of tissues of the joint. -   “WOMAC total scores” or “WOMAC scores” (“WOMAC” for “Western Ontario     and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index”) measure pain (WOMAC     pain score), function (WOMAC function score) and stiffness (WOMAC     stiffness score). When applied to assessing of pain and dysfunction     associated with cartilage injury, it consists of a questionary     containing 24 items divided into 3 subscales (5 items for Pain, 2     items for Stiffness and 17 items for Physical Function)(see Bellamy     et al., 1988; Wolfe, 1999). It is a well-known instrument, widely     used notably in assessment of the OA severity. -   In order to evaluate cartilage repair, cartilage volume measurements     were performed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)     measurements, including Lateral volume of cartilage (also referred     as LFTC), Medial volume of cartilage (also referred as MFTC), Total     volume of cartilage (also referred as LFTC + MFTC), and new total     average cartilage thickness. -   The term “baseline” means before treatment (i.e. at study entry). It     refers notably to clinical variables, such as, but not limited to,     the cartilage volume and WOMAC total score of one given subject at     study entry (i.e. before treatment with FGF-18 compound or placebo). -   The term “subject” or “patient” refers to both human and non-human     animals. The term non-human comprises mammals such as rodents     (including mice), rabbits, cats, dogs, horses, cows, sheep, or     primates. -   “Sensitives” are subjects that exhibit a response to treatment of a     cartilage disorder with an FGF-18 compound. Preferably, sensitive     subjects (or subjects showing sensitivity/response to treatment)     exhibit notably a higher increase in total cartilage thickness     and/or cartilage volume than placebo treated subjects, i.e. they     show cartilage repair. In addition, sensitive subjects exhibit at     least similar improvement in WOMAC total scores than placebos. The     terms “Super-sensitive” (or “high-sensitive” or “highly-sensitive”),     “intermediate-sensitive” and “Non-sensitive” (including     “Low-sensitive”) refer to the different groups of subjects depending     notably on the increase of the cartilage volume following FGF-18     compound treatment. Super-sensitive displays a high response (i.e.     high cartilage repair) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound,     intermediate-sensitive display a good or intermediate response (i.e.     good or intermediate cartilage repair) to treatment with an FGF-18     compound, and non-sensitives display no or low response to treatment     with an FGF-18 compound. Both super-sensitive and sensitive subjects     have similar improvement in WOMAC total score than placebos.     Conversely non-responders have significantly smaller improvement in     WOMAC total score than placebos. The term “super-sensitives”,     “high-sensitives” are used interchangeably. It is noted that     super-sensitives have been shown to present higher risk of AIR     events.

More particularly, the terms “Intermediate-sensitives”, “Super-sensitives”, “Non-sensitives”, “intermediate responders”, “super-responders” and “non-responders” (including low-responders) include, but are not limited to, the different groups of subjects depending on the increase of the cartilage volume and improvement of WOMAC total score, following FGF-18 compound treatment. The proposed criteria for assessing sensitivity/response are the following (but not limited to):

-   1. Positive cartilage increase compared to baseline, -   2. Cartilage increase change significantly higher than change in     placebo (e.g. as tested with a linear model adjusting for BMI, KL     grade, sex and age and with alpha = 5%), -   3. WOMAC score improvement, i.e. diminution, (e.g. more than 5     points reduction) compared to baseline, -   4. WOMAC score change not significantly higher than change in     placebo (e.g. as tested with a linear model adjusting for BMI, KL     grade, sex and age and with alpha = 5%).

-   The “response”, or “sensitivity” to an FGF-18 compound treatment is     to be understood as at least at 1 year or even better 2 years after     the first injection and measured as 1) increase of cartilage volume,     measured owing to MRI or X-Ray for instance, 2) decrease of WOMAC     total scores, or 3) changes in WOMAC total scores not significantly     higher than those from placebos (refer also to the definition of     “sensitive”). -   As used in the present invention, the term “MAD” means Multiple     Ascending Dose. When this acronym is followed by a figure, the     figure corresponds to the dose at which FGF-18 compound has been     injected during treatment. For instance MAD100 refers to a treatment     during which a subject received 100 mcg of FGF-18 compound per     injection. The abbreviation “PL” (and “MADPL”) refers to placebo. -   The term “storage device”, as used herein, is intended to include     any suitable computing or processing apparatus or other device     configured or adapted for storing data or information. Examples of     electronic apparatus suitable for use with the present invention     include stand-alone computing apparatus, data telecommunications     networks, including local area networks (LAN), wide area networks     (WAN), Internet, Intranet, and Extranet, and local and distributed     computer processing systems. Storage devices also include, but are     not limited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs, hard     disc storage media, magnetic tape, optical storage media such as     CD-ROM, DVD, electronic storage media such as RAM, ROM, EPROM,     EEPROM and the like, general hard disks and hybrids of these     categories such as magnetic/optical storage media. -   As used herein, the term “stored” refers to a process for encoding     information on the storage device. Those skilled in the art can     readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording     information on known media to generate manufactures comprising     expression level information.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

There is a need to predict the clinical efficacy (notably with regards to delaying cartilage thinning and/or cartilage repair) of an FGF-18 compound treatment for the treatment of subjects having a cartilage disorder, such as osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage (e.g. Microfracture). To optimize the treatment of said subjects, it is important to identify biomarkers that could be used as predictors of the response of a given subject to the FGF-18 compound treatment, notably with regard to cartilage repair. Such predictive biomarkers may be used to identify high-risk groups either being non-sensitives or on the contrary sensitive or even high-sensitives to the treatment. For instance, if one subject having osteoarthritis is known to be at high risk for non-responding (or for being non-sensitive) to the treatment, the physician may decide not to propose an FGF-18 compound, such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety, to said subject. On the contrary, if one subject having osteoarthritis is known to be at high risk for being high-sensitive to the treatment, the physician may decide to adapt the dose regimen, in order to lower the dose of FGF-18 compound to be administered to said subject. Indeed, being high-sensitive to FGF-18 compoundmay led to unwished side effect, such as AIR (Acute Inflammatory Response). Such predictive information may be clinically useful to guide medical decisions, notably on the dosing regimen to be applied to one patient or on the timing of joint replacement surgery when needed (for instance if FGF-18 compound treatment is not recommended).

The surprising finding of the present invention is based on a study aimed at identifying potential biomarkers associated with an FGF-18 compound (such as asprifermin) administration. The biomarkers used in this study were composed of numerous protein markers (see Table 1). The association between protein markers and clinical response variables was assessed. The rationale behind this type of analysis was to identify protein(s) useful as biomarker(s) that could be predictive of the clinical outcome (notably with regard to cartilage repair), for a subject to be treated with an FGF-18 compound such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety. The proteins could be used to stratify and target specific subject populations.

Different biomarkers demonstrated change in response to FGF-18 therapy, or shown changes in outcomes (i.e. cartilage thickness or volume, WOMAC scores) by applying criteria for high and low values. Examples are C1M, C3M and hs-CRP. The inventors have surprisingly found an association with certain metabolic proteins and outcome (e.g. cartilage repair). Of special interest are the proteins CTX-II and ProC2. It is noted that although only CTX-II and/or ProC2 are specifically described herein, other metabolic biomarker such as PIIANP, C2M, ARGS or AGNx1 could be used. Based on the teaching of the present invention, it would then be routine matter for the skilled person to find the thresholds for each of these biomarkers.

These proteins have been described in the literature, as being possibly related to osteoarthritis. For instance, CTX-II and ProC2 could be considered as metabolic biomarkers (Bay-Jensen, 2016) It has been surprisingly found by the present inventors that when the quantity of metabolic biomarkers such as CTX-II and/or ProC2 is/are decreased, this is associated with a better response to treatment with a FGF-18 compound, such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety, in subjects afflicted with cartilage injury. These subjects are called sensitives; this group will comprise both intermediate-sensitives or high-sensitives subjects. To the opposite, it has also surprisingly been found by the present inventors that when the quantity of CTX-II and/or ProC2 is/are increased, this is associated with an absence of, or low, response to treatment with a FGF-18 compound (i.e. low-sensitivity or non-sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound), such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety, in subjects afflicted with cartilage disorder. These subjects are called non-sensitives; this group will comprise both low-sensitives and non-sensitives subjects. It was further surprisingly been found that each one of these biomarkers can be used alone to provide an efficient prediction of the response to an FGF-18 compound.

Therefore, it is a finding of the present invention that the biomarkers CTX-II and/or ProC2 can be used either alone or in combination as predictive biomarkers of responsiveness of one subject to FGF-18 compound treatment, such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety. Preferably, the subject has a cartilage disorder, such as osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage (e.g. Microfracture). In a particular embodiment, the subject will be predicted to be non-sensitive (or low-sensitive) to FGF-18 compound treatment if the quantity of CTX-II is higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol CTX-II (>240-260% of normal mean) and/or the quantity of ProC2 is higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL (>120-280% of normal mean). On the contrary, the subject will be predicted to be sensitive to FGF-18 compound treatment if the quantity of CTX-II is lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol and/or the quantity of ProC2 is lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL.

The present invention is therefore directed to a method of predicting the sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound in a subject having a cartilage disorder, the method comprising the steps of:

-   a) Determining, from a biological sample of said subject, the     quantity of at least one of the biomarkers selected from the group     consisting of CTX-II and/or ProC2; -   b) Predicting from the result of step a) high, intermediate or no     sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound.

Before determining the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers, it is needed to obtain a sample (or biological sample or test sample) of said subject, for instance by blood, serum, synovial fluid or urine collecting. Thus, the present invention is directed to a method of predicting the sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound in a subject having a cartilage disorder, the method comprising the steps of:

-   a) Obtaining a sample from said subject; -   b) Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or     ProC2; -   c) Predicting from the result of step a) high, intermediate or no     sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound.

According to said method, the presence of higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (>240-260% of normal mean) and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 (>120-280% of normal mean) is predictive of no response or low response (i.e. non- or low-sensitivity) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. The subject will thus be predicted to be non-sensitive. On the contrary, the presence of lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 is predictive of intermediate response (i.e. intermediate-sensitivity) or high response (i.e. high-sensitivity) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. The subject will thus be predicted to be sensitive (or responsive) to treatment with an FGF-18 compound (i.e. he will be a responder). From said prediction, the doctor can easily select only those subjects that are predicted to be sensitives to FGF-18 compound treatment, including both intermediate-sensitives and high-sensitives.

The present application also encompasses a method for selecting a subject having a cartilage disorder for inclusion in or exclusion from treatment, or clinical trial, with an FGF-18 compound, based on the likelihood of their sensitivity to said treatment, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Determining, from a biological sample of said subject, the     quantity of at least one of the biomarkers selected from the group     consisting of CTX-II and/or ProC2; wherein the quantity of at least     one of these biomarkers is predictive about the subject’s risk of     being sensitive or not-sensitive to said treatment, and -   b. Selecting the sensitive subjects as being suitable for said     treatment.

Before determining the quantity of at least one of the proteins, in the above disclosed assays, it is needed to obtain a sample (or test sample or biological sample) of said subject, for instance by blood, serum, synovial fluid or urine collecting. Thus, the present invention is directed to a method for selecting a subject having a cartilage disorder for inclusion in or exclusion from treatment, or clinical trial, with an FGF-18 compound, based on the likelihood of their sensitivity to said treatment, comprising the steps of:

-   a. Obtaining a biological sample from said subject ; -   b. Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or     ProC2; wherein the quantity of at least one of these biomarkers is     predictive about the subject’s risk of being sensitive or     not-sensitive to said treatment, and ; -   c. Selecting the sensitive subjects as being suitable for said     treatment.

According to said method, the subject presenting higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 will preferably be excluded (i.e. they will preferably not be selected) from the treatment with FGF-18 compound. To the contrary, the subject presenting lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 will preferably be included (i.e. they will preferably be selected) for the treatment with FGF-18 compound.

Alternatively, herein described is a method for selecting a subject having a cartilage disorder for inclusion in or exclusion from treatment or clinical trial with FGF-18 compound based on the likelihood of the subject’s sensitivity to said FGF-18 compound, comprised the steps of: (a) subjecting a test sample from said human subject, who is diagnosed as having cartilage disorder, to at least one assay adapted to determine the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or ProC2; (b) determining from said assay the likelihood of the subject of being sensitive or not-sensitive to said treatment and (c) selecting the subject for inclusion in treatment or clinical trial with FGF-18 compound when the assay detected lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2, and excluding the subject from treatment or clinical trial with FGF-18 compound when the assay detected higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.

The method for selecting a human subject for a clinical trial for testing FGF-18 compound, may alternatively comprises the steps of: (a) assaying a biological sample from said human subject diagnosed with a cartilage disorder for the quantity of at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2, (b) determining the quantity of the at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2; (c) selecting for the clinical trial the human subject who presents higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.

The present invention also describes a method of excluding a human subject from a clinical trial testing FGF-18 compound, the method comprising the steps of: (a) assaying a biological sample from said human subject diagnosed with a cartilage disorder for the quantity of at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2; (b) determining from said assay the likelihood of the subject of being sensitive or not-sensitive to said treatment and (c) excluding for the clinical trial the human subject who presents higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.

The quantity (or the expression level) of one or more biomarkers in a sample can be compared, if needed, to a reference quantity (or reference expression level) from a reference sample. Said reference level can be obtained from a healthy subject, or from the very same patient to be diagnosed or treated prior to or during said treatment.

FGF-18 compound is to be usually administered intraarticularly at a dose of 100 mcg per injection, once weekly for 3 weeks per treatment cycle. A proposed alternative dosing regimen for these subjects predicted to be high-sensitives is intraarticular administration of the FGF-18 compound at a dose of 30 mcg per injection, once weekly for 3 weeks per treatment cycle. It is to be understood that although at that time, the preferred dose is 100 mcg per injection, possibly reduced to 30 mcg per injection for high-sensitives, the present invention is not limited to said dosages. Therefore, FGF-18 compound can be administered intraarticularly at a dose comprised between 50 and 300 mcg per injection, preferably between 60 and 250 mcg or even preferably between 100 and 200 mcg. For super-sensitive subjects, said dose could be reduced, to or to about ½ or to or to about ⅓ for instance. For examples, should the normal dose be 50 mcg per injection, the reduced dose could be comprised between 16 and 25 mcg per injection.

FGF-18 compound is to be usually administered for at least one cycle of treatment. Preferably, said cycle is repeated at least once, for instance 6 months (or about 26 weeks) after the start of the first treatment cycle. Up to four treatment cycles within 2 years have shown promising results (see FIG. 1 ).

The present invention further encompasses an FGF-18 compound for use in the treatment of a subject having a cartilage disorder, characterized in that the subject has lower than 350 ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ng/mL of ProC2. It follows that a subject who does not meet these criteria is preferably excluded from FGF-18 compound treatment.

The present invention also relates to an assay to determine sensitivity to an FGF-18 compound treatment or to determine a treatment regimen with an FGF-18 compound, the assay comprising: (a) subjecting a test sample from a human subject, diagnosed as having a cartilage disorder, to at least one assay that determines the quantity of at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2, (b) determining the quantity of at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2 a and (c) determining from the result of step b) sensitivity or non-sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. According to said assay, the presence of higher than 350 ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ng/mL of ProC2 is predictive of non-sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. On the contrary, the presence of lower than 350 ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ng/mL of ProC2 is predictive of sensitivity. From the result of said assay, the doctor can easily select only those subjects that are predicted to be sensitives to FGF-18 compound treatment, including both intermediate-sensitives and high-sensitives. Before determining the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers, in the above disclosed assays, it is needed to obtain a biomarker (or test) sample of said subject, for instance by blood, serum, synovial fluid or urine collecting.

The present invention is also directed to an assay for selecting a treatment regimen for a human subject with a cartilage disorder, the assay comprising: (a) subjecting a test sample from a human subject, diagnosed as having a cartilage disorder, to at least one assay that determines the quantity of at least one of CTX-II and/or ProC2, (b) determining the likelihood that said subject is intermediate-sensitive or a high-sensitive to FGF-18 treatment, and (c) determining from the result of step b) the appropriate treatment regimen for said subject. Once the assay is performed, said subject can be selected for and treated with an appropriate dosing regimen comprising an effective amount of an FGF-18 compound when the subject has lower than 350 ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ng/mL of ProC2 based on the recognition that said quantities are associated with a response to said compound, and excluding the subject from treatment with an FGF-18 compound when the subject has higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 based on the recognition that said quantities are associated with inadequate response to treatment with said compound.

Also described is a method for treating a subject having a cartilage disorder with an FGF-18 compound, comprising the following steps:

-   a. Determining, from a sample, the quantity of at least one of the     biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or     ProC2, wherein said quantities are predictive about the subject’s     risk of being high or intermediate sensitive to a treatment with     said FGF-18 compound, -   b. Selecting the subject having lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of     CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2, -   c. Administering intraarticularly said FGF-18 compound to said     selected subject.

Further discloses is a method for treating a human subject with a cartilage disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) assaying a biological sample of a subject, who is diagnosed as having the cartilage disorder for the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers selected from the group consisting of CTX-II and/or ProC2; and (b) administering a treatment regimen comprising a composition comprising an effective amount of an FGF-18 compound to the subject if the subject has lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and/or lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.

In the context of the present invention as a whole, CTX-II and/or ProC2 have been shown to be useful predictive biomarkers of the response to an FGF-18 compound. As such they are considered as predictive biomarkers.

In the context of the present invention as a whole, the assays or other determination of the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers of the invention can be performed before treatment or during treatment. Indeed, also during treatment the dosing regimen may have to be adapted to the new biomarkers situation.

In the context of the invention as a whole, for the patients being in the range of 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II or of 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2, it is advisable to complete the diagnostic or the biomarker testing with another metabolic biomarker. For instance, should the level of CTX-II be in the range of 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol, then the level(s) of ProC2 could be considered. In the rare case where the patient will present ranges of 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II and of 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2, then it will be advisable to complete the diagnostic or the biomarker testing with another kind of biomarker such as an inflammatory biomarker or SNP biomarkers such as those disclosed in WO2014023703. In another embodiments of the invention, also provided are systems (and computer readable media for causing computer systems) for obtaining data. Said data can be used notably for assessing suitability of a treatment with FGF-18 compound in a subject, or monitoring FGF-18 compound treatment efficacy for a given subject or simply monitor disease progression. Said systems can be used during clinical trials, when a treatment with FGF-18 compound has to be envisaged or when a treatment with said compound is already ongoing.

Therefore, in an embodiment of the present invention is included a computer system for obtaining data from at least one test sample obtained from at least one subject with a cartilage disorder, the system comprising: (a) at least one determination module configured to receive said at least one test sample and perform at least one analysis on said at least one test sample to determine the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers according to the invention; (b) at least one storage device configured to store data output from said determination module; and (c) at least one display module for displaying a content based in part on the data output from said determination module, wherein the content comprises a signal indicative of the presence of at least one of these conditions, and optionally the absence of any one of these conditions.

The computer readable medium can have computer readable instructions recorded thereon to define software modules for implementing a method on a computer. In such a case, said computer readable storage medium may comprise: (a) instructions for comparing the data stored on a storage device with reference data to provide a comparison result, wherein the comparison is based on the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers according to the invention; and (b) instructions for displaying a content based in part on the data output from said determination module, wherein the content comprises a signal indicative of the presence of at least one of the conditions, and optionally the absence of one or more of the conditions.

The computer readable storage media can be any available tangible media that can be accessed by a computer. Computer readable storage media includes volatile and 16on-volatile, removable and non-removable tangible media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer readable storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory), DVDs (digital versatile disks) or other optical storage media, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage media, other types of volatile and non-volatile memory, and any other tangible medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by a computer including and any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer-readable data embodied on one or more computer-readable media may define instructions, for example, as part of one or more programs that, as a result of being executed by a computer, instruct the computer to perform one or more of the functions described herein, and/or various embodiments, variations and combinations thereof. Such instructions may be written in any of a plurality of programming languages, for example, Java, J#, Visual Basic, C, C#, C++, Fortran, Pascal, Eiffel, Basic, COBOL assembly language, and the like, or any of a variety of combinations thereof. The computer-readable media on which such instructions are embodied may reside on one or more of the components of either of a system, or a computer readable storage medium described herein, may be distributed across one or more of such components.

The computer-readable media may be transportable such that the instructions stored thereon can be loaded onto any computer resource to implement the aspects of the present invention discussed herein.

The information determined in the determination module can be read by the storage device. The storage device is adapted or configured for having recorded thereon expression level or protein level information. Such information may be provided in digital form that can be transmitted and read electronically, e.g., via the Internet, on diskette, via USB (universal serial bus) or via any other suitable mode of communication.

In the context of the present invention as a whole, e.g. in the context of any one of the methods, uses, assays or kits according to the present invention, the preferred FGF-18 compound is a truncated FGF-18, such as sprifermin, or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety, and the preferred cartilage disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage, such as microfracture.

It is to be understood that in the context of the present invention as a whole, e.g. of any one of the methods, uses, assays, computer system or kits according to the present invention, before determining the quantity of at least one of the biomarkers of the invention (e.g. CTX-II and/or ProC2), it is needed to obtain a sample (or biological sample or a test sample) of one subject, for instance by blood, serum, synovial fluid or urine collecting. It can also be obtained, without any limitation, from a cell, tissue, cartilage or synovial fluid.

An individual afflicted with a cartilage disorder and to be tested, tested and/or treated according to any of the methods, uses, assays, kits and other computer systems described herein is a human subject that is a candidate for treatment with an FGF-18 compound, such as sprifermin or a fusion protein comprising an FGF-18 moiety. In a preferred embodiment, the individual has been diagnosed with cartilage disorder, or exhibits a symptom of cartilage disorder.

In a further embodiment, the present invention encompasses a kit comprising means for performing the methods described above and instructions for use. Preferably, the kit comprises means for detecting the presence of at least one of the biomarkers according to the invention (e.g. CTX-II and/or ProC2) and for quantifying them. The kit may comprises means for detecting the presence of at least two of the biomarkers according to the invention and for quantifying them.

The methods and kits according to the present invention are useful in clinical diagnostic applications. However, as used herein, the term “diagnostic” is not limited to clinical or medical uses, and the diagnostic methods and kits of the invention claimed herein are also useful in any research application, and during clinical trials, for which it is desirable to test a subject for the presence or absence of any markers described herein.

In the context of the invention, the presence of at least one of the biomarkers according to the invention (e.g. CTX-II and/or ProC2) and their quantitation may be detected by any technique known per se to the skilled artisan, including ELISA for instance.

Other embodiments of the invention within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the examples, be considered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims that follow the examples.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 : Scheme of the dosing regimens used for sprifermin in the FORWARD study

FIG. 2 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline Over Weeks by Treatment, Cartilage Thickness (mm) in the Total Femorotibial Joint - mlTT Analysis Set

FIG. 3 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline Over Weeks by Treatment, Cartilage Volume (µL) in the Total Femorotibial Joint - mlTT Analysis Set

FIG. 4 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline over Weeks by Treatment and Biochemical Marker of Cartilage Metabolism Subgroups, Cartilage Thickness (mm) in the Total Femorotibial Joint - ITT Analysis Set - for ProC2 metabolic biomarker

FIG. 5 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline Over Weeks by Treatment and Biochemical Marker of Cartilage Metabolism Subgroups, Cartilage Thickness (mm) in the Total Femorotibial Joint - ITT Analysis Set - for CTX-II metabolic biomarker.

FIG. 6 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline over Weeks by Treatment and Biochemical Marker of Cartilage Metabolism Subgroups, WOMAC Total Score in the Target Knee -ITT Analysis Set - for ProC2 metabolic biomarker

FIG. 7 : Mean and 95% Cl in Absolute Change from Baseline over Weeks by Treatment and Biochemical Marker of Cartilage Metabolism Subgroups, WOMAC Total Score in the Target Knee -ITT Analysis Set - for CTX-II metabolic biomarker.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

-   SEQ ID NO.1: Amino acid sequence of the native human FGF-18. -   SEQ ID NO.2: Amino acid sequence of the recombinant truncated FGF-18     (trFGF-18). -   SEQ ID NO.3: Amino acid sequence of the marker CTX-II. -   SEQ ID NO.4: Amino acid sequence of the marker PROC2.

EXAMPLES 1. FGF-18 Compound

The FGF-18 compound used as a treatment in the present examples is sprifermin. It is a truncated form of FGF-18, as defined in the section “definitions”. Two strengths of sprifermin were supplied for the study: 30 µg and 100 µg. Sprifermin was supplied as a white, sterile, freeze-dried powder in 3-mL glass vials. Each vial contained either 31.5 µg or 105 µg of sprifermin active substance; these quantities included a 5% overage, permitting extraction of respectively 30 µg or 100 µg of sprifermin active substance following reconstitution with 0.9% w/v Sodium Chloride Injection (referred to herein as “saline solution”). Excipients of the formulation were sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), sodium hydroxide, O-phosphoric acid, sucrose, and poloxamer 188. Kits for 30 µg treatments contained 1 glass vial of sprifermin (30 µg strength) and 1 glass ampule of sterile saline solution for injection (2 mL per ampule). Kits for 100 µg treatments contained 1 glass vial of sprifermin (100 µg strength) and 1 glass ampule of sterile saline solution for injection (2 mL per ampule). For all treatment groups, the volume administered was 2 mL.

2. Methods Forward Study

The present study was based on the FORWARD study (EMR700692-006). Five groups of patients were studied:

-   Group 1 (4 cycles placebo; hereafter referred to as placebo): 108     subjects. -   Group 2 (2 cycles sprifermin 30 µg/injection alternating with 2     cycles placebo; hereafter referred to as sprifermin/placebo 30 µg):     110 subjects. -   Group 3 (4 cycles sprifermin 30 µg/injection; hereafter referred to     as sprifermin 30 µg): 111 subjects. -   Group 4 (2 cycles sprifermin 100 µg/injection alternating with 2     cycles of placebo; hereafter referred to as sprifermin/placebo 100     µg): 110 subjects. -   Group 5 (4 cycles sprifermin 100 µg/injection; hereafter referred to     as sprifermin 100 µg): 110 subjects.

According to the FORWARD study, the patients received 4 cycles of treatment (each consisting of 3 once-weekly intra articular injections over 3 consecutive weeks) at intervals of 6 months (see FIG. 1 ). All injections were intraarticular (done intraarticularly).

The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from Baseline in cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint as evaluated by MRI at 2 years.

Exploratory endpoints included Baseline protein markers and/or genetic markers associated with response to treatment or disease progression (response assessed by MRI and/or questionnaire)

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

The study enrolled adult subjects of either sex with primary femorotibial OA according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) clinical and radiographic criteria who had Kellgren-Lawrence grades (KLG) of 2 or 3 and a minimum joint space width (JSW) of ≥ 2.5 mm in the medial compartment. Subjects must have had pain in the target knee on most days and/or require symptomatic treatment of knee pain with paracetamol (acetaminophen), systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including COX inhibitors (COXibs), or tramadol on most days of the previous month, and must have had both: 1) A history of pain due to OA in the target knee for at least 6 months, and 2) Pain score for the target knee of 4 to 9 points in response to Question 1 of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain index (“how much pain have you had [in the target knee, over the past 48 hours] when walking on a flat surface?”) at screening and Baseline, after washout of at least 5 half-lives of analgesic medication(s): acetaminophen, topical or oral systemic NSAIDS, COXibs, opioids, and/or tramadol. Women of childbearing potential must have used a form of contraception with a failure rate of less than 1% per year throughout the study.

Main exclusion criteria included malalignment of > 5 degrees in the femorotibial axis of the target knee, clinical signs of inflammation (i.e., redness) in the target knee, i.art. administration of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid into either knee within 6 months before screening, any plan for knee surgery (affecting either the target or the contralateral knee) within the next 2 years, concomitant conditions or treatments deemed to be incompatible with study participation, contraindications to MRI scanning (including inability to fit in the scanner or knee coil), pregnancy or breastfeeding, participation in another clinical study within the past 30 days, and legal incapacity or limited legal capacity.

Written informed consent must have been obtained prior to any study-related activity.

Statistical Methods

The treatment effect on the primary endpoint was assessed through dose-ranging using a repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA, using PROC MIXED in SAS) on absolute change from Baseline, including the baseline value, the treatment group, the time, and the country as factors and treatment-by-time point as interaction. The primary efficacy analysis consisted of testing the linear dose relationship and the overall treatment effect at 2 years. The significance level was set at 5% 2-sided for both tests. Pairwise comparisons (sprifermin versus placebo, and between sprifermin dose and regimen groups) were performed within the context of this modelling framework. For each pairwise comparison, the difference between treatments and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (Cl) and p-value are presented. The same ANOVA model used for the primary endpoint was used to assess the treatment effect on continuous secondary endpoints such as MRI endpoints, WOMAC endpoints (total, pain, function, and stiffness scores), and X-ray endpoints at each time point and over time. Logistic regression was used to assess the treatment effect on the binary efficacy endpoints such as the OMERACT-OARSI responder rate. Point estimates for each pairwise comparison and corresponding 95% Cls and p-values are provided.

Pain and Function Assessments

The WOMAC is a validated instrument used to assess symptom modification in clinical OA studies. This clinical score was developed in 1981 and is regarded as a valid instrument by both clinical researchers and regulatory authorities. The WOMAC is widely used in clinical studies in hip and knee OA, and has been extensively validated.

Subjects had to answer all of the 24 questions themselves(i.e. 5 for pain, 2 for stiffness and 17 for physical function assessment), using the 11-box NRS assessment (with categories of 0 to 10) with reference to the past 48 hours. Different forms of the questionnaire exist for the right and the left knees: in order to reduce confounding of WOMAC responses by symptoms in the contralateral knee, subjects used the WOMAC questionnaire specific to the target knee. For administration of the questionnaire, instructions for the WOMAC 3.1 Index were followed

X-Ray Assessment of JSW

Change in JSW as measured by X-ray is a recognized endpoint accepted by the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in efficacy studies in OA. The JSW was measured using standardized technique.

qMRIAssessment

The primary endpoint for the DBPC treatment phase was the change from Baseline in cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint as evaluated by qMRI at 2 years in the mlTT. Cartilage thickness of the total femorotibial joint were calculated in 2 ways:

-   1. Average Cartilage Thickness (Total Volume divided by Total     Surface Area) -   2. Total Cartilage Thickness (sum of cartilage thickness in medial     and lateral compartment).

The treatment effect on the primary endpoint was assessed through dose-ranging using a repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA) on absolute change from Baseline, including the treatment group, the time point, and the (pooled) country as fixed factors and the baseline value as covariate and treatment by time point as interaction. Repeated measures over time were accounted for using an “unstructured” covariance pattern.

Pairwise comparisons of absolute change from Baseline in cartilage thickness (sprifermin treatment groups versus placebo) were performed within the context of the modelling framework described above. For each pairwise comparison, the difference between treatments and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (Cl) and p-value are presented. P-values (corresponding to Type 3 tests of fixed effects) are reported for all covariates in the original “Overall” model for all time points combined (i.e., baseline value, treatment, time point, treatment-by-time point interaction, country) and for all time points. Estimated coefficients, p-values, and 95% Cls are presented overall and at each time point for (i) the dose relationship (linear trend) and (ii) each pairwise comparison between dose level and placebo.

In order to assess the robustness of the primary results, the tests for linear dose-relationship and for the overall treatment effect were repeated using the PP Analysis Set. For the mITT Analysis Set, a non-parametric analysis was conducted for the ordered data of cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint as an alternative method for the primary analysis. Data were ordered by the magnitude of absolute change-from-Baseline over 2 years during DBPC treatment phase using rank transformation.

Biomarkers Measurement

Serological and urine biochemical markers of bone and joint tissue turnover as well as synovial inflammation were evaluated. Potential biomarkers of cartilage metabolism included, but were not limited to: neo-epitope of collagen type II propeptide (proC2) and C-telopeptide cross-linking of type II collagen (CTX-II). Blood and urine samples for systemic biomarker assessment were collected at the following time points: week 0 (before first injection of sprifermin), week 26, week 54, week 80 and week 104. For time points where injections were also administered, samples were collected before injection. Synovial fluid samples were collected at the time points. These samples were taken just before injection, as part of the i.art. injection procedure and using the same needle that the one used for the injection. For urine collection, second morning void samples were obtained.

The following assessment were made as exploratory endpoints:

-   Change from Baseline in serum and urine markers associated with     administration of the compound -   Baseline protein markers and/or genetic markers associated with     response to treatment or disease progression (response assessed by     MRI and/or questionnaire).

3. Results Primary Endpoint (Allcomer)

Total femorotibial joint: A statistically significant treatment effect on the change from Baseline in cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint at 2 years was observed (See FIG. 2 ). Both the sprifermin/placebo 100 µg and sprifermin 100 µg groups showed greater improvements (mean change from Baseline: +0.02 mm and +0.03 mm, respectively) compared with the placebo group (mean change from Baseline: -0.02 mm) at Week 104 (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). The treatment group difference started at Week 78 in the sprifermin/placebo 100 µg group and Week 52 in the sprifermin 100 µg group. Statistical significance was maintained through Week 104 in both groups. The placebo group showed no improvement from Baseline at any visit through Week 104. There was a statistically significant difference overall (all weeks) for increased cartilage thickness in the sprifermin/placebo 100 µg and sprifermin 100 µg groups, compared with the placebo group (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). The ANCOVA model was statistically significant for treatment (p < 0.001), week (p < 0.001), treatment*week (p = 0.029), and pooled country (p = 0.009).

Cartilage volume in the total femorotibial joint: There was a statistically significant effect of treatment on the change from Baseline in cartilage volume in the total femorotibial joint (FIG. 3 ; p < 0.001). The sprifermin/placebo 100 µg and sprifermin 100 µg groups showed greater improvements compared with the placebo group. The statistical significance of sprifermin 100 µg compared with placebo began at Week 78 and persisted through Week 104; the statistical significance of sprifermin/placebo 100 µg compared with placebo appeared at Week 26 and persisted from Week 78 through Week 104. The mean changes from Baseline to Week 104 were -28.2 µL, +9.5 µL, +96.6 µL (p < 0.001), and +116.5 µL (p < 0.001) in the sprifermin/placebo 30 µg, sprifermin 30 µg, sprifermin/placebo 100 µg, and sprifermin 100 µg groups, respectively, and -55.5 µL in the placebo group. There was a statistically significant effect of pooled country (p = 0.011).

Exploratory Endpoints (biomarkers stratification): The overall objectives of the pharmacodynamic (PD)/biomarker analysis were:

-   To identify predictive biomarker(s) for identification of patients     who retain a positive structural outcome (based on differences in     MRI total cartilage thickness with sprifermin versus placebo) while     improving symptom outcomes (WOMAC total score and WOMAC pain index     score) versus placebo. -   To identify predictive biomarker(s) for safety parameters such as     AIRs -   To characterize functionality biomarkers as potential predictive     biomarkers and evaluate potential predictive cut-offs -   To identify potential prognostic biomarkers (in the placebo group     only) -   To evaluate biochemical biomarkers as PD biomarkers (e.g., ProC2 and     CTX-II).

Stratification and cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint: Changes from Baseline in cartilage thickness in the total femorotibial joint showed the following notable differences between biomarker subgroups at Week 104. Subjects with lower levels of biomarkers of cartilage metabolism (proC2 and CTX-II) at Baseline showed improved outcomes after 104 weeks of treatment with sprifermin (versus placebo) for total cartilage thickness compared with subjects with higher levels of biomarkers of cartilage metabolism. This different response is mainly driven by a different placebo response (FIGS. 4 and 5 ). The results surprisingly show that chondrocytes with high metabolism (high proC2 and/or high CTX-II) have an inconsistent response to anabolic therapy such as sprifermin.

Stratification and WOMAC total scores: Changes from Baseline in WOMAC total scores showed the following notable differences between biomarker subgroups at Week 104. Subjects with lower levels of biomarkers of cartilage metabolism (proC2 and CTX-II) at Baseline showed improved outcomes after 104 weeks of treatment with sprifermin for WOMAC total score compared with subjects receiving placebo or with higher levels of biomarkers of cartilage metabolism (FIGS. 6 and 7 ). The results surprisingly show that chondrocytes with lower metabolism (low proC2 and/or low CTX-II) not only have a better response to anabolic therapy such as sprifermin with regard to cartilage thickness but also have a positive impact in the WOMAC total scores.

REFERENCES

-   1) WO2008/023063 -   2) WO2004/032849 -   3) WO2014/023703 -   4) WO2006/063362 -   5) Haque et al., 2007, Histol. Histopathol., 22 :97-105 -   6) cartilage.org/ files/contentmanagement/ICRS evaluation.pdf -   7) Lotz, 2010, Arthritis research therapy, 12:211 -   8) Ellsworth et al., 2002, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 10: 308-320 -   9) Shimoaka et al., 2002, J. Bio. Chem. 277(9):7493-7500 -   10) Gigout et al., 2017, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, published     online the 18.08.2018 (doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.08.004) -   11) The Merck Manual, 17^(th) edition, page 449 -   12) Bellamy et al., 1988, J.Rheumatology, 15:1833-1840 -   13) Wolfe, 1999, Rheumatology, 38:355-361 -   14) Karsdal et al., 2016, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24(12):     2013-2021 -   15) Duclos et al. (2010) Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010     Nov;18(11):1467-76. -   16) Gudmann et al., 2016, Arthritis Res Ther., 18(1):141. -   17) Bay-Jensen, 2016, Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 24(1):9-20 -   18) Munk et al., 2016, Rheumatol Int. 36(4):541-9. -   19) Gudmann et al., 2014,lnt J Mol Sci., 15(10):18789-18803.

ABBREVIATIONS

-   OA = Osteoarthritis -   Cl=confidence interval, -   DBPC=double-blind placebo-controlled -   CTX-II=C-telopeptide cross-linking of type II collagen, -   ICOAP=Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain -   ITT=intention-to-treat, -   KOOS Symptom Index=Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score     symptom index subscale -   KOOS QOL=Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score quality of     life subscale -   LOCF=last observation carried forward, -   LFTC = lateral femoro-tibial compartment -   MFTC = medial femoro-tibial compartment -   mITT=modified intention-to-treat -   MOS SF-36=Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 General Health Survey -   MRI=magnetic resonance imaging -   NRS pain score=numerical rating scale pain score -   PGA=Patient’s Global Assessment -   PGIC=Patient’s Global Impression of Change -   PK=pharmacokinetic -   PROC2=neo-epitope of collagen type II propeptide -   W=Week -   WOMAC=Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis     Index. 

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A method for treating a subject having a cartilage disorder with an FGF-18 compound, comprising the following steps: a) determining, from a sample from said subject, the quantity of at least one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen) and ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II), and b) administering intraarticularly the FGF-18 compound in an amount that is about 30-100 µg to the subject having lower than 350± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen), and/or lower than 4.2± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the FGF-18 compound is to be administered in a treatment cycle of once weekly for 3 weeks.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the treatment cycle is repeated.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the amount of FGF-18 compound is about 30 µg per administration.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the amount of FGF-18 compound is about 100 µg per administration.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the FGF-18 compound comprises amino acid residues 28-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1, optionally fused to a heterologous protein or chemical compound.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the FGF-18 compound is sprifermin or sprifermin fused to a heterologous protein or chemical compound.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the cartilage disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage, and microfracture.
 22. A method for treating a subject having a cartilage disorder with an FGF-18 compound, comprising the following steps: a) determining, from a sample from said subject, the quantity of at least one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen) and ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II), and b) administering intraarticularly said FGF-18 compound in an amount that is about 30-100 µg to the subject having higher than 350± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen), and/or higher than 4.2± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the FGF-18 compound is to be administered in a treatment cycle of once weekly for 3 weeks.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the treatment cycle is repeated.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the amount of FGF-18 compound is about 100 µg per administration.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the FGF-18 compound comprises amino acid residues 28-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1, optionally fused to a heterologous protein or chemical compound.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the FGF-18 compound is sprifermin or sprifermin fused to a heterologous protein or chemical compound.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the cartilage disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage, and microfracture.
 29. A method of determining the sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound in a subject having a cartilage disorder, the method comprising the steps of: a) quantifying from a sample from said subject, the quantity of at least one biomarker selected from the group consisting of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen) and ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II), and b) determining from the result of step a) ) high, intermediate, low or no sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound.
 30. The method of claim 29, comprising determining low or no sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound of the subject having: a) higher than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen), b) higher than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II).
 31. The method of claim 29, comprising determining high or intermediate sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound of the subject having: a) lower than 350 ± 2SD ng/mmol of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen), b) lower than 4.2 ± 2SD ng/mL of ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II).
 32. An assay to determine sensitivity to an FGF-18 compound treatment or to determine a treatment regimen with an FGF-18 compound, the assay comprising: (a) subjecting a test sample from a human subject, diagnosed as having a cartilage disorder, to at least one assay that determines the quantity of at least one of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen) and ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II), (b) determining the quantity of at least one of CTX-II (C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen) and ProC2 (neo-epitope of Collagen type II) and (c) determining from the result of step (b) sensitivity or non-sensitivity of said subject to treatment with an FGF-18 compound. 